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In 491, Darius sent his envoys to the lands of Hellas demanding the unconditional submission (or water and soil) of the Greek cities and most of them accepted. In 492, Darius sent the first navy under the command of his military general Mardonius, yet the navy unfortunately sunk in the Aegean Sea near the Athos peninsula due to a storm. He could either choose to move on water or earth. As a revenge, he decided to begin his European expansion and to solidify the western border of Persia. The Persian King Darius I The Great was infuriated Athena dared to help the Ionians with their revolt and even managed to take control over Sardis for a short period. The beginning of the aftermath The Persian King Darius The Great They hunted down every last rebel and returned Asia Minor under Persian rule. The Persians quenched the last flames of the revolt and once again had subdued Lesbos, Chios, Tenedos and all remaining Ionian cities. His army was, however, too hard for him to feed and the Persian cavalry under general Harpagus successfully destroyed it during a foraging expedition. The last remaining self-appointed leader of the resistance persuaded both Lesbians and Chians rejoin the cause. Hiastiaeus, Aristagoras’ uncle who managed to escape made one last attempt to oppose King Darius’ rule.

Those who stayed were forced to settle near Tigris by King Darius.

Soon after, a great number of the citizens of Miletus escaped from the city afraid of the aftermath. In the end, all ships of Ionia fled the battle and thus Persia won. This major break in the line of the Ionians compelled many of them to also leave. The Lesbians followed them and also fled the battlefield. The Persian navy used the opportunity and made an agreement with the forces of Samos and they left the battle once it had started. As a result, the heart of the revolt became unstable and the cities which participated in it began to disagree among themselves. Aristagoras, afraid of the outcome tucked his tail and left Miletus and the revolt. The Persian generals Otanes and Artaphernes led their fleet and attacked Ionia and Aeolia. At Pedasus, the Carians managed to annihilate the army of Daurises. Left with no choice and now even smaller in numbers Carians decided they would try and ambush the Persian forces on their route. The survivors ran to Laubraunda, where the forces of Milesia joined them, but again suffered a heavy defeat. The Persian general Daurises led his army to Caria and in the Battle of Marsyas the forces of Carians were assimilated by the great number of the Persians. Expectedly the Persians without many difficulties once again had control over the island Cyprus. In 497 BC a Phoenician navy together with a Persian one destroyed the Greeks near Cyprus. The Persian used the confusion of the rebelling cities to equip and assemble their armies and retake what was theirs. Following the Greek forces to Ephesus, the Persians completely routed them. Persians did not expect the revolt of the Ionians, who with the help of Athena, managed to reach the city of Sardis and burn it, but however, did not manage to take control of the Persian citadel. Understanding he is not powerful enough and Ionians will not be able to deal with the Persians alone, Aristagoras pleaded Continental Greece for help, but only Athena and Eretria answered to his call. In the end, the Persian-Ionian forces had no choice but to return.Īfter losing the battle, Aristagoras was not eager to return and decided to evade the punishment by revolting.

The siege of Naxos continued for 3 months but failed. In 498BC Aristagoras, being a Persian puppet ruler of the Ionian city Miletus made a combined Persian-Ionian expedition in order to conquer the city of Naxos.